Barbara Kolm and Miguel Del Valle on China's rise from poverty

In the 70s, China was among the poorest nations in the world.  Civil war and mismanagement by central authorities had torn the country apart.  Mao Zedong’s vision of self-reliance destroyed agriculture, devastated the economy ‘and led to mass starvation as people’s communes were established and resources were forcibly shifted from farming to heavy industry.’ (Dorn 2023)  The death of Mao and subsequent rise of Deng Xiaoping enabled a series of reforms that would turn the country away from central planning and toward a market-oriented economy. 

~ Barbara Kolm and Miguel Del Valle, "Free Trade Under Siege: Analyzing Contemporary Trade Policies," Free Trade in the Twenty-First Century (p. 237)

Wayne Winegarden and Rowena Itchon on creative destruction

International trade, like all productive contributions to economic growth, is a creatively destructive process that improves our lives by disrupting the old way of doing things.  While necessary to generate broad-based prosperity, these disruptions are not without a cost.  The growth in internet retailers, for instance, has brought a wider array of more affordable goods and services directly to people’s doorsteps around the world.  Between 2007 and 2017, it also created nearly a half million new jobs in fulfillment centers and e-commerce companies in the U.S. alone that paid nearly a third more than brick-and-mortar retail jobs on average.  While the job gains in the new economy also caused job losses and business closings for brick-and-mortar retailers, on net, e-commerce has vastly improved our quality of life.

~ Wayne Winegarden and Rowena Itchon, “Free Trade Myths and Realities” Free Trade in the Twenty-First Century, pp. 643-644

Max Rangeley and Daniel Hannan on the post-WWII trade order

In closing, we know what happened when the world moved away from Cobdenite [free trade] principles.  It happened at the beginning of the 20th century with cataclysmic consequences.  Indeed it was precisely as a reaction to the horrors of the two wars, the Holocaust and the Holodomor that delegations from the free nations met in Bretton Woods in 1944 and agreed to a progressive reduction in trade barriers, a policy which led to the creation of what is now the World Trade Organization and to seven decades of unprecedented democracy as well as unprecedented prosperity.  

That process is now going in reverse.  Trade is falling as a proportion of global GDP and we are seeing a revival of the doom loop between political instability and autarkic tendencies.  "The owl of Minerva," wrote Hegel, "spreads its wings only with the gathering of the dusk."  If ever there was a time to remind ourselves how fortunate we have been in the economic order we have enjoyed, that time is upon us.

~ Max Rangeley and Daniel Hannan, Free Trade in the Twenty-First Century," Preface

2025