The slate seemed clear; all groups that had challenged the Committee of
Public Safety had been eliminated or suppressed. The Girondins were dead
or dispersed; the sansculottes had been divided and silenced; the clubs -
excepting the Jacobin - had been closed; the press and the theater were under
strict censorship; the Convention, cowed, left all major decisions to the
committee. Under their tutelage, and instructed by its other committees,
the Convention passed laws against hoarders and speculators, proclaimed free,
universal education, abolished slavery in the French colonies, and established
a welfare state with social security, unemployment benefits, medical aid for
the poor, and relief for the old. These measures were in large part
frustrated by war and chaos, but they remained as ideas to inspire succeeding generations.
~ Will and Ariel Durant,
The Age of Napoleon, "The Revolution Eats Its Children," pp. 78-79
Interpretation by Phil Duffy:
In the first four chapters of
The Age of Napoleon,
the Durants describe the multi-stage French Revolution. The first stage
deposed the king and the Catholic Church in favor of rule by the Girondins, the
political group representing the rising commercial class (the
bourgeoisie). Then the Revolution became radicalized with the street mob
of Paris (the sansculottes) gaining control. They were represented in the
legislative body (the Convention) by members of the Jacobin club, including the
infamous Maximilien Robespierre of
A Tale of Two Cities fame. By
eliminating his enemies with the guillotine, Robespierre, heading the powerful
Committee of Public Safety, had emerged as the dictator of France. But
emerging victorious in a revolution only forces the winner to govern
effectively. Like most politicians, Robespierre was long on promises and
short on delivery. His fellow revolutionaries realized that Robespierre
was in a position to eliminate all of them, so they sent him to the guillotine
in a preemptive strike designed to protect their lives, concluding the radical
stage of the French Revolution.
Wars and the chaos of revolution crippled the
French economy during this period. It destroyed the wealth that would
have been necessary to pursue the utopian socialist dream first expressed in
the French Revolution. But the French Revolution impressed Karl Marx a
half century later as he wrote
The Manifesto of the Communist Party